JNTUH I B Pharmacy Communication Skills Final Paper 2018

Collocation, Definition, Types and Examples

Collocation, Definition, Types and Examples

What is Collocation?

Types of Collocations

Examples of Collocations

What is collocation?

A collocation is a pair or group of words that are often used together. These combinations sound natural to

native speakers, but students of English have to make a special effort to learn them because they are often

difficult to guess.

We say ...

fast cars

fast food

a quick glance

a quick meal

We don't say ...

quick food

a fest glance

a fest meal 

Why do we learn collocations?

We must learn collocations because they can provide

a) give you the most natural way to say something: smoking is strictly forbidden is more natural than smoking is strongly forbidden.

b) give you alternative ways of saying something, which may be more colourful/expressive or more precise: instead of repeating It was very cold and very dark, we can say It was bitterly cold and pitch dark.

c) improve your style in writing: instead of saying poverty causes crime, you can say poverty breeds crime; instead of saying a big meal you can say a substantial meal. You may not need or want to use these in informal conversations, but in writing they can give your text more variety and make it read better: this book includes notes about formality wherever the collocations are especially formal or informal. 

Types of Collocations

Collocations are different types such as adjective + adverb, noun + noun, verb + noun and so on.

Here you will find seven different types of collocation with various examples.

1. adverb + adjective

• Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.
• We entered a richly decorated room.
• Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

2. adjective + noun

• The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.
• The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.
• He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

3. noun + noun

• Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause.
• The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am.
• I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

4. noun + verb

• The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.
• Snow was falling as our plane took off.
• The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

5. verb + noun

• The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.
• I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.
• He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

6. verb + expression with preposition

• We had to return home because we had run out of money.
• At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.
• Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

7. verb + adverb

• She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.
• Mary whispered softly in John's ear.
• I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

Some more common examples for collocations
have	do	make
have a bath have a drink have a good time have a haircut have a holiday have a problem have a relationship have a rest have lunch have sympathy	do business do nothing do someone a favour do the cooking do the housework do the shopping do the washing up do your best do your hair do your homework	make a difference make a mess make a mistake make a noise make an effort make furniture make money make progress make room make trouble
take	break	catch
take a break take a chance take a look take a rest take a seat take a taxi take an exam take notes take someone's place take someone's temperature	break a habit break a leg break a promise break a record break a window break someone's heart break the ice break the law break the news to someone break the rules	catch a ball catch a bus catch a chill catch a cold catch a thief catch fire catch sight of catch someone's attention catch someone's eye catch the flu
pay	save	keep
pay a fine pay attention pay by credit card pay cash pay interest pay someone a compliment pay someone a visit pay the bill pay the price pay your respects	save electricity save energy save money save one's strength save someone a seat save someone's life save something to a disk save space save time save yourself the trouble	keep a diary keep a promise keep a secret keep an appointment keep calm keep control keep in touch keep quiet keep someone's place keep the change
come	go	get
come close come complete with come direct come early come first come into view come last come late come on time come prepared come right back come second come to a compromise come to a decision come to an agreement come to an end come to a standstill come to terms with come to a total of come under attack	go abroad go astray go bad go bald go bankrupt go blind go crazy go dark go deaf go fishing go mad go missing go on foot go online go out of business go overseas go quiet go sailing go to war go yellow	get a job get a shock get angry get divorced get drunk get frightened get home get lost get married get nowhere get permission get pregnant get ready get started get the impression get the message get the sack get upset get wet get worried
Miscellaneous
Time	Business English	Classifiers
bang on time dead on time early 12th century free time from dawn till dusk great deal of time late 20th century make time for next few days past few weeks right on time run out of time save time spare time spend some time take your time tell someone the time time goes by time passes waste time	annual turnover bear in mind break off negotiations cease trading chair a meeting close a deal close a meeting come to the point dismiss an offer draw a conclusion draw your attention to launch a new product lay off staff go bankrupt go into partnership make a loss make a profit market forces sales figures take on staff

What are Abbreviations and acronyms?

What are Abbreviations and acronyms?

Abbreviations and acronyms are shorter versions of existing words and phrases. They're designed to save time and take up less space, and can even make your writing easier to read.

What is an abbreviation?

Abbreviations are all around us, from common titles like Dr. and Prof. to the abbreviations you see on street signs. Specifically, abbreviations are shorter spellings of words and expressions we use every day.

What is an acronym?

You might already know some acronyms, like NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ATM (automated teller machine). An acronym is a stand-in for a string of words, usually an organization name, slogan, or something else equally wordy. Unlike abbreviations, they aren't shorter spellings of words—they're made up of the words' initials.

Using abbreviations

Abbreviations are usually formed using the most recognizable letters from the word or expression. This makes them easier to remember, and easy for others to read. It's almost like the letters are clues that point to the original word or expression.

Some abbreviations look like acronyms (for example, mph and NY), but it's really just a coincidence. Technically, these are initialisms, which is a type of abbreviation. Thankfully, you don't have to know whether something is an abbreviation, initialism, or acronym to use it properly. You just have to know what the term means, and how to spell it—everything else will usually fall into place.

Now that you know how abbreviations are formed, you may be wondering how they're pronounced. Most of the time, they're pronounced the same as the original word—whether you're reading it aloud or in your head.

For example, Prof. Snape would be pronounced Professor Snape (not Prof Snape). The abbreviation etc. would be pronounced et cetera (not e-t-c). The important thing to remember is that abbreviations aren't words in the true sense—they're more like shorthand.

There are some exceptions that are pronounced differently. For instance, AM, PM, i.e., and PhD are pronounced exactly the way they're spelled. This happens when the abbreviation becomes more popular than the original term—usually because the original is too long or outdated. For example, AM stands for Ante Meridiem. (That's Latin for before noon. Who knew?)

Luckily, there aren't many exceptions like this, so you don't have to worry too much about making a mistake. Most abbreviations are pronounced the same as the word they're based on, like hr, min, and sec (that's hour, minute, and second).

Period vs. no period

This is one of the most common questions people have about abbreviations: Do you have to use a period at the end when writing it out? There's no strict rule that says you do—it's kind of up to you.

Sometimes adding a period is expected and can make the abbreviation easier to read. Take the example below. Pop. is the abbreviation for the word population—without a period, it might just look like pop (as in pop goes the weasel).

On the other hand, some abbreviations never use a period; for example, state postal abbreviations like NY, CA, and TX. The abbreviation for United States of America can be written with a period between each letter, but it's much more common without. The same goes for measurement abbreviations like ft, in, and cm. 

Other Common Abbreviations

Below are a few other abbreviations that are common in English. Remember that abbreviations are not always completely standardized. One style guide may advise you to abbreviate Thursday as Thurs. while another may argue for Thu. Likewise, some style guides allow you to omit the periods with these abbreviations, but it’s never wrong to include periods. So if you aren’t sure whether to use the periods, err on the side of leaving them in.

Times and dates

a.m. (ante meridiem) = before noon p.m. (post meridiem) = after noon

The mall opens at 10 a.m. and closes at 8 p.m.

Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec.

I was born on Nov. 6, 1980.

Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat,. Sun.

The class will run Mon.-Fri. next week.

Places

U.S. (United States) U.K. (United Kingdom) E.U. (European Union) U.A.E. (United Arab Emerates)

The U.S. highway system seems enormous to visitors from the U.K.

Units of Measurement

in. (inches) ft. (feet) lbs. (pounds)

mm. (millimeters) cm. (centimeters) m. (meters)

mg. (milligram) g. (gram) kg. (kilogram)

My cat weighs 10 lbs., which is about 4.5 kg.

What is an analogy?

What is an analogy?

ANALOGY

An analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity. As Freud suggested, an analogy won’t settle an argument, but a good one may help to clarify the issues. In this type of question, students are presented with a pair of words followed by four or five additional pairs of words. They must select from among the choices that which best matches the relationship existing between the first pair. In handling this type of questions, it is necessary to determine the exact nature of relationship existing between the given words.

Analogies in the Verbal Section of the Graduate Record Exam, or GRE look like this. In this type of analogy problem, the relationship between one set of items is given, and the test taker must choose an analogous set from five choices.Here is an example.

COW: CALF

A) Ewe: kid

B) Mare: foal

C) Hen: rooster

D) Ram: lamb

E) Sow: pig

Types of Analogies

Here are some relationships that form the basis of many analogies: 

 Nature of the Relationship       Sample Analogy 

1. synonym                                  happy : joyous :: irritated : cranky
2. antonym                                  day : night :: in : out 
3. worker and tool used               gardener : hoe :: carpenter : saw 
4. tool and object it’s used upon   hammer : nail :: scissors : cloth
5.function of a tool                       safety pin : fasten :: pencil : write 
6. creator and work created          writer : novel :: composer : symphony 
7. part to whole                            petal : flower :: pocket : jacket 
8. masculine and feminine              actor : actress :: bull : cow 
9. symbol and what it stands for    heart : love :: flag : nation 
10. category and instance                cat : Persian :: automobile : convertible 
11. cause and effect germ :             disease :: fertilizer : growth 
12. effect and cause                        tidal wave : earthquake :: mudslide : excessive rain

 

Quick Tips for tackling Analogies

1. Create a sentence that includes the two capitalized words. Ideally, the sentence should reveal the essence of the relationship between the two words, and should not be so specific that none of the answer choices will fit, or so general that several fit. Here are two examples of the types of sentences that might zero in on the correct choice:

  One possible function of a [first word] is to [second word]

  [First word] is a condition that is necessary in order for [second word] to occur.

2.    Eliminate any answer choice in which the two words are unrelated to each other. Typically, at least one answer choice will fit this description. You can eliminate all such choices without even considering the original pair!

3.    If you know only one of the two words in an answer choice, you can always take an educated guess, even with just one of the words. You can often eliminate an answer choice by knowing just one of the two words.

4.    If one of the original words has either a negative or positive connotation, the corresponding word in the correct answer choice will be similarly “charged.” But if the original word is neutral, the corresponding word in the correct answer choice is must be neutral as well.

5.    You can often guess the meaning of unfamiliar words. Any of the following might provide a clue about what a word means:

  another word that resembles the word in any way

  the word’s root of prefix

  The meaning of the other word in the pair

Sample Question:

PRESERVE: MORATORIUM

Tyrannize:   revolt

Shade:          tree

Solve:            problem

Accumulate: collection

Cover:           eclipse

Quick Tip:

     One type of relationship frequently appearing among Analogy word pairs is that of function, or use. In this type of relationship, one word is essentially a tool, while the other is a function, purpose, or use of that tool.

Analysis:

A moratorium is an official halt or cessation of an activity. One possible, or use, of a moratorium is to preserve (for instance, to preserve an endangered animal species). Similarly, one possible use of a tree is to shade. The second answer choice is the best response.

The first answer choice: Is one possible use of a revolt to tyrannize? No. The purpose of a revolt might be to stop tyranny (which means “oppressive rule”).

The third answer choice: Is one possible use of a problem to solve? No.

The fourth answer choice: Is one possible use of a collection to accumulate? No. The relationship between these two words is just the opposite: One possible purpose of accumulating is to form a collection.

The fifth answer choice: Is one possible use of an eclipse to cover? No. Covering is part of the definition of eclipse.

What is one word substitute?

What is one word substitute? 

 

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES

 

A one word substitute is a word that is used instead of a whole phrase. They are intended to add more meaning to the language. They are not only useful to enhance one’s vocabulary but also spoken and writing skills.

One word substitution is a process in which people use one word to replace a wordy phrase, to make the sentence structure more clear. This also makes work more succinct, instead of convoluted. For example, if you have a sentence that states 'He drives me in a vehicle around town.' instead you can use 'He chauffeurs me around town.' The meaning is identical, yet the sentence is shorter. This adds a complexity to writing, while still making sure the writing is concise. One word can often express the idea of a phrase or a clause and can help in writing or communicating precisely. They are intended to add more meaning to the language. Sometimes, verbosity is not required and it is required to talk or speak precisely. In English language, there are many single words for a group of words. Therefore, the users of English language should speak precisely and avoid the fear of being misunderstood.  One word substitution can be used to bring an effect of compression in any kind of writing. In English language, there are many words that can be substituted to make the writing to the point even without losing the meaning of the context.

How to Find One Word Substitutions

If you are not used to having to substitute your phrases, it can be challenging to figure out where to search for these replacements. A thesaurus can be a simple way to find these substitution words, especially when you do not have web access.  There are also other ways to find these words.

The vocabulary section of the examination also covers questions in which a phrase or a group of words is given and the candidate is required to find one word that conveys the same meaning as the phrase or group of words.

The following are a few one word substitutes:

Egoist (also Egotist): a person who is selfish, self absorbed and self centered

Epitaph: inscription on a tombstone

Fatalist: one who believes in the philosophical doctrine of fatalism

Aristocracy: people of noble families or the highest social class. Also, government of a country by a small group of people, especially hereditary nobility

Atheist: a person who does not believe in God or deities

Ambiguity: an expression or statement that has more than one meaning

Cannibal: somebody who eats human flesh

Mercenary: somebody who works or serves only for personal profit. Also, a professional soldier paid to fight for an army other than that of his or her country

Misogynist: a person who hates women

Misogamist: a person who does not believe in the institution of marriage

Soporific: a drug or other substance that induces sleep

Omniscient: a person who knows everything

Omnivorous: an animal or a human being that eats any kind of food

Omnipotent: a person who has power over all

Panacea: a supposed cure for all diseases or problems

Parasite: a person supported by another and giving him/her nothing in return

Impervious: a person who remains unmoved and unaffected by other people's opinions, arguments or suggestions

Infallible: incapable of making a mistake

Infanticide: the killing of an infant

Honorary: holding an office awarded as an honour and receiving no payment for services provided in that office

Idolatry: the worship of idols or false gods

Inflammable: something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned